Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and
among countries
The
international community has made significant strides towards lifting people out
of poverty. The most vulnerable nations – the least developed countries,
the landlocked developing countries and the small island developing states – continue
to make inroads into poverty reduction. However, inequality still
persists and large disparities remain in access to health and education
services and other assets.Additionally, while income inequality between
countries may have been reduced, inequality within countries has risen. To
reduce inequality, policies should be universal in principle paying attention
to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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There is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty if it is not inclusive and if it does not involve the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. Fortunately, income inequality has been reduced both between and within countries.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Reduce inequality within and among countries. Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income as well as those based on sex, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity – both within and among countrie
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including through eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and actions in this regard. Equality. Future of Work. Gender Equality and Non-Discrimination.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income as well as those based on sex, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity – both within and among countries. World leaders recognized the positive contribution of international migration to inclusive growth and sustainable development, while acknowledging that it demands coherent and comprehensive responses. Accordingly, they committed to cooperate internationally to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration. The Goal also addresses issues related to representation and development assistance.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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When income growth among the poorest people in a country is faster than the national average, income inequality is reduced. In 56 out of 94 countries with data for the period 2007−2012, the per capita income of the poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly than the national average. This was especially true in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Asia, where 88 per cent and 67 per cent of countries, respectively, saw gains for the poorest 40 per cent of households. That said, faster growth for the poorest does not necessarily imply greater prosperity, since nine of the 56 countries experienced negative income growth rates over this period.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Proportion of countries in each region with the bottom 40 per cent of the population having greater average annual growth rates of real income per capita of than the national average, 2007−2012 (percentage)
Note: The chart represents 94 countries with data: 43 in developed regions, 16 in Africa, 19 in Asia and 16 in Latin America and the Caribbean.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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The share of GDP that is attributed to labour has been trending downward over the past 15 years as processes have become more mechanized and capital assumes a growing share of GDP. Over this period, the labour share of GDP only increased in Oceania and Latin America and the Caribbean, where it was at 48 and 52 per cent, respectively in 2015. Eastern Asia saw flat growth of labour share of GDP and continues to maintain the highest share in the world at 61.4 per cent of GDP.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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While the labour share of GDP fell from almost 58 per cent in 2000 to just over 55 per cent in 2015 for developed regions, developing regions experienced a slight improvement to 55 per cent. Stagnating wages across all regions contributed significantly to these results.
Labour share of GDP (PPP), comprising wages and social protection transfers, 2000 and 2015 (percentage)
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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The share of exports from LDCs and developing countries that benefited from duty-free treatment increased from 2000 to 2014, reaching 84 per cent and 79 per cent, respectively, although the pace of change was faster for developing countries. The comparative advantage of LDCs in duty-free access varied depending on the product groups: almost all agricultural products from LDCs (98 per cent) were exempted from duties by developed countries versus 74 per cent of products from developing countries.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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The relative advantage for LDCs was even greater for textiles and clothing: rates for both product groups were around 70 per cent for LDCs; for developing countries, the rates were 41 per cent for textiles and 34 per cent for clothing.
Proportion of imports (excluding arms and oil) from least developed countries and developing countries entering developed countries duty free, 2000−2014 (percentage)
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Migrants contribute positively to inclusive growth and sustainable development. They also contribute to the development of their countries of origin and destination through their work and through the remittances they send home.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Total remittances to developing countries increased slightly in 2015 to 431.6 billion US dollars (up 0.4 per cent from 2014), but the cost of sending money across international borders remains high. Even though the cost declined from 2012 to 2015, it still averaged 7.5 per cent of the amount remitted in 2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent.
World average cost of sending $200 equivalent remittance as a proportion of amount remitted, 2008−2015 (percentage)
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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The international community has made significant strides towards lifting people out of poverty. The most vulnerable nations – the least developed countries, the landlocked developing countries and the small island developing states – continue to make inroads into poverty reduction. However, inequality persists and large disparities remain regarding access to health and education services and other assets.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
ReplyDeleteVIII-C
There is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty if it is not inclusive and if it does not involve the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. Fortunately, income inequality has been reduced both between and within countries. At the current time, the per capita income of 60 out of 94 countries with data has risen more rapidly than the national average. There has been some progress regarding creating favorable access conditions for exports from least developing countries as well.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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To reduce inequality, policies should be universal in principle, paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. There needs to be an increase in duty-free treatment and continuation of favoring exports from developing countries, in addition to increasing the share of developing countries’ vote within the IMF. Finally, innovations in technology can help reduce the cost of transferring money for migrant workers.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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In 2016, over 64.4% of products exported by the least developed countries to world markets faced zero tariffs, an increase of 20% since 2010.
Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20 per cent of the populations are still up to three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children in the richest quintiles.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
ReplyDeleteVIII-CSocial protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with disabilities are up to five times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures.
Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in most developing countries, women in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centers.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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By 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
Related Thematic Areas
Future of Work
Informal Economy
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including through eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and actions in this regard
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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On January 1st, 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development officially came into force. Over the next 15 years, with these 17 goals, countries will combine efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change. In this article we aim to familiarize you with SDG #10: Reduce inequality within and among countries and what actions your organization can take to achieve this goal.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Within its borders, EU action complements national governments' policies on social protection and inclusion. The EU Cohesion Policy covers social inclusion, while fighting poverty and discrimination. The European pillar of social rights promotes equal opportunities, access to the labour market, fair working conditions, adequate and accessible social protection and inclusion. To tackle discrimination arising from racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation and sex, the EU relies on racial and employment equality legislation.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
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Across the globe, the EU acts to address inequality through the European development policy, while closer to its borders it works through the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Enlargement policy. Action focuses on pro-poor fiscal policies, strengthened governance, fair and transparent tax systems, public sector management, domestic resource mobilisation and adequate and sustainable social protection, all of which contribute to tackle inequalities.
A full list of EU policies and actions supporting Goal 10 is available below.
BY SHAURYA SHOKEEN
ReplyDeleteVIII-C
There is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty if it is not inclusive and if it does not involve the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. Fortunately, income inequality has been reduced both between and within countries. At the current time, the per capita income of 60 out of 94 countries with data has risen more rapidly than the national average. There has been some progress regarding creating favorable access conditions for exports from least developing countries as well.
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ReplyDeleteIncome inequality is on the rise—the richest 10 percent have up to 40 percent of global income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between 2 to 7 percent. If we take into account population growth inequality in developing countries, inequality has increased by 11 percent.
ReplyDeleteIncome inequality has increased in nearly everywhere in recent decades, but at different speeds. It’s lowest in Europe and highest in the Middle East.
These widening disparities require sound policies to empower lower income earners, and promote economic inclusion of all regardless of sex, race or ethnicity.